Membuat rahasia terenkripsi

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Alur kerja GitHub Actions sering kali memerlukan akses ke informasi sensitif seperti kunci API, kata sandi, sertifikat, dan token. GitHub menyediakan rahasia terenkripsi untuk menyimpan dan mengakses data sensitif ini dengan aman tanpa mengeksposnya dalam file kode atau alur kerja Anda.

Memahami rahasia GitHub

Rahasia GitHub adalah variabel lingkungan terenkripsi yang dapat Anda buat di tingkat yang berbeda dalam organisasi GitHub Anda. Setelah dibuat, rahasia dienkripsi dan hanya dapat didekripsi selama eksekusi alur kerja dalam konteks yang diotorisasi.

Karakteristik utama rahasia GitHub:

  • Penyimpanan terenkripsi: Semua rahasia dienkripsi menggunakan enkripsi standar industri
  • Akses terkontrol: Hanya alur kerja yang diotorisasi yang dapat mengakses rahasia
  • Ditutupi dalam log: Nilai rahasia secara otomatis ditutupi dalam log alur kerja
  • Tidak dapat diubah: Setelah dibuat, nilai rahasia tidak dapat dilihat, hanya diganti

Cakupan dan hierarki rahasia

Data rahasia tingkat repositori

Rahasia repositori hanya tersedia untuk alur kerja di repositori tertentu:

# Using repository secret in workflow
name: Deploy Application

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to production
        env:
          API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_API_KEY }}
          DATABASE_URL: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_CONNECTION_STRING }}
        run: |
          echo "Deploying with API key starting with: ${API_KEY:0:8}..."
          ./deploy.sh

Rahasia tingkat organisasi

Rahasia organisasi dapat dibagikan di beberapa repositori dengan akses terkontrol:

# Organization secret with repository access control
name: Shared CI Pipeline

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Run integration tests
        env:
          # This secret is available to authorized repositories
          SHARED_TEST_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.INTEGRATION_TEST_API_KEY }}
        run: |
          npm test -- --api-key="$SHARED_TEST_API_KEY"

Rahasia tingkat lingkungan

Rahasia lingkungan memberikan kontrol terperinci untuk lingkungan penyebaran:

name: Multi-Environment Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]

jobs:
  deploy-staging:
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/develop'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment: staging
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to staging
        env:
          # Environment-specific secrets
          DEPLOYMENT_KEY: ${{ secrets.STAGING_DEPLOY_KEY }}
          API_ENDPOINT: ${{ secrets.STAGING_API_URL }}
        run: ./deploy.sh staging

  deploy-production:
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment: production
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to production
        env:
          DEPLOYMENT_KEY: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_DEPLOY_KEY }}
          API_ENDPOINT: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_API_URL }}
        run: ./deploy.sh production

Membuat dan mengelola rahasia

Penyiapan rahasia repositori

  1. Navigasi ke pengaturan repositori:

    • Buka repositori Anda di GitHub
    • Klik tab Pengaturan
    • Pilih Rahasia dan variabel>Tindakan

  2. Buat rahasia repositori baru:

    Name: PRODUCTION_API_KEY
Value: your-actual-api-key-value

  3. Gunakan dalam alur kerja:

    env:
  API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_API_KEY }}

Manajemen rahasia organisasi

# Example of organization secret usage with access policies
name: Organization-wide CI

on: [push]

jobs:
  security-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Security vulnerability scan
        env:
          # Organization secret with controlled repository access
          SECURITY_SCAN_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ORG_SECURITY_SCAN_TOKEN }}
        run: |
          security-scanner --token="$SECURITY_SCAN_TOKEN" .

Kebijakan akses rahasia organisasi:

  • Semua repositori: Tersedia untuk semua repositori di organisasi
  • Repositori privat: Hanya tersedia untuk repositori privat
  • Repositori yang dipilih: Hanya tersedia untuk repositori yang dipilih secara khusus

Rahasia lingkungan dengan aturan perlindungan

name: Protected Production Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment:
      name: production
      url: https://myapp.production.com
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Deploy with environment protection
        env:
          # Protected by environment rules (approvals, wait timers)
          PROD_DEPLOY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_DEPLOY_TOKEN }}
          PROD_DB_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_DATABASE_PASSWORD }}
        run: |
          echo "Deploying to production environment..."
          ./scripts/deploy-production.sh

Praktik terbaik keamanan untuk rahasia

Konvensi penamaan rahasia

# Good: Clear, descriptive names
secrets:
  PRODUCTION_API_KEY
  STAGING_DATABASE_URL
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
  AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET
  DOCKER_REGISTRY_TOKEN

# Avoid: Vague or generic names
secrets:
  KEY
  PASSWORD
  TOKEN
  SECRET

Prinsip hak istimewa minimal

# Good: Specific secrets for specific purposes
name: Database Migration

jobs:
  migrate:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Run database migration
        env:
          # Read-only database connection for migrations
          DB_MIGRATION_URL: ${{ secrets.DB_MIGRATION_CONNECTION }}
        run: |
          migrate up --database-url="$DB_MIGRATION_URL"

  backup:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Create database backup
        env:
          # Backup-specific credentials with limited scope
          BACKUP_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.DB_BACKUP_ACCESS_KEY }}
        run: |
          backup-db --credentials="$BACKUP_ACCESS_KEY"

Rotasi rahasia dan manajemen siklus hidup

name: Secret Health Check

on:
  schedule:
    - cron: "0 6 * * 1" # Weekly on Monday at 6 AM

jobs:
  check-secret-health:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Test API key validity
        env:
          API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PRODUCTION_API_KEY }}
        run: |
          # Test if API key is still valid
          response=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" \
            -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
            https://api.example.com/health)
            
          if [ "$response" != "200" ]; then
            echo "API key may be expired or invalid"
            # Create issue or notify team
            gh issue create --title "API Key Health Check Failed" \
              --body "The production API key failed health check. Response code: $response"
          else
            echo "API key is healthy"
          fi

Penggunaan rahasia bersyarat

name: Flexible Secret Usage

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Run tests
        env:
          # Use different secrets based on event type
          API_KEY: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && secrets.INTEGRATION_API_KEY || secrets.TESTING_API_KEY }}
          DATABASE_URL: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && secrets.PROD_DB_URL || secrets.TEST_DB_URL }}
        run: |
          echo "Running tests with appropriate credentials..."
          npm test

Pola rahasia tingkat lanjut

Rahasia multinilai (konfigurasi JSON)

name: Complex Configuration

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Parse complex secret
        env:
          # Store complex configuration as JSON in secret
          AWS_CONFIG: ${{ secrets.AWS_DEPLOYMENT_CONFIG }}
        run: |
          # Parse JSON secret
          echo "$AWS_CONFIG" | jq -r '.access_key_id' > /tmp/aws_key
          echo "$AWS_CONFIG" | jq -r '.secret_access_key' > /tmp/aws_secret
          echo "$AWS_CONFIG" | jq -r '.region' > /tmp/aws_region

          # Configure AWS CLI
          aws configure set aws_access_key_id "$(cat /tmp/aws_key)"
          aws configure set aws_secret_access_key "$(cat /tmp/aws_secret)"
          aws configure set default.region "$(cat /tmp/aws_region)"

          # Clean up temporary files
          rm -f /tmp/aws_*

Pewarisan dan komposisi rahasia

name: Composed Secrets

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Build connection string
        env:
          DB_HOST: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_HOST }}
          DB_USER: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_USER }}
          DB_PASS: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_PASSWORD }}
          DB_NAME: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_NAME }}
        run: |
          # Compose connection string from individual secrets
          CONNECTION_STRING="postgresql://$DB_USER:$DB_PASS@$DB_HOST:5432/$DB_NAME"

          # Use composed string (never log it)
          echo "Connecting to database..."
          psql "$CONNECTION_STRING" -c "SELECT version();"

Validasi dan pengujian rahasia

name: Secret Validation

jobs:
  validate-secrets:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Validate API credentials
        env:
          API_KEY: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}
          API_SECRET: ${{ secrets.API_SECRET }}
        run: |
          # Test API credentials without exposing values
          if [ -z "$API_KEY" ] || [ -z "$API_SECRET" ]; then
            echo "Missing required API credentials"
            exit 1
          fi

          # Test key format (without revealing the key)
          if [[ ${#API_KEY} -lt 32 ]]; then
            echo "API key appears to be invalid (too short)"
            exit 1
          fi

          # Test authentication
          response=$(curl -s -w "%{http_code}" -o /dev/null \
            -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
            https://api.example.com/auth/test)
            
          if [ "$response" = "200" ]; then
            echo "API credentials validated successfully"
          else
            echo "API credential validation failed (HTTP $response)"
            exit 1
          fi

Jepitan umum dan pertimbangan keamanan

Menghindari pengungkapan rahasia

# DON'T: Never echo or log secrets directly
- name: Bad secret usage
  env:
    API_KEY: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}
  run: |
    echo "Using API key: $API_KEY"  # This will expose the secret!

# DO: Use secrets safely without exposure
- name: Safe secret usage
  env:
    API_KEY: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}
  run: |
    # Use the secret without logging it
    curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" https://api.example.com/data
    echo "API request completed successfully"

Penanganan kesalahan yang tepat

- name: Secure error handling
  env:
    DATABASE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_PASSWORD }}
  run: |
    # Set error handling to avoid secret leaks
    set +x  # Disable command echoing

    if ! psql "postgresql://user:$DATABASE_PASSWORD@host/db" -c "SELECT 1"; then
      # Log error without exposing secret
      echo "Database connection failed"
      exit 1
    fi

    echo "Database connection successful"

Manajemen cakupan rahasia

# Good: Limit secret scope to specific steps
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        # No secrets available here

      - name: Deploy application
        env:
          DEPLOY_KEY: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_KEY }} # Secret only in this step
        run: |
          ./deploy.sh

      - name: Run post-deploy tests
        # No secrets available here
        run: |
          ./test.sh

Manajemen rahasia yang tepat sangat penting untuk menjaga keamanan alur CI/CD Anda. Selalu ikuti prinsip hak istimewa paling sedikit, gunakan penamaan deskriptif, dan terapkan validasi yang tepat untuk memastikan rahasia Anda tetap aman sambil mengaktifkan kemampuan otomatisasi yang kuat.